Etymology of the word

Investigating the origins and development of the word brocket establishes the boundaries of the name.

The overriding meaning of the word brocket down the centuries has been a young male deer—usually with single-spiked antlers. During the last 200 years this meaning has given way to the tropical meaning of 'species of Mazama'—small deer with short single-spiked antlers from Central or South America, of any age. In Scotland the word had an additional meaning as a past participle adjective from a verb brook, when it was usually pronounced slightly differently. Other recorded meanings are local rarities.

Originally the English word was northern French, but between at least the 12-18th C it referred solely to British deer. From Old French it passed through Anglo-Norman and Middle English to Modern English, with a side track into British Latin. Examples illustrate this.

It is spelt in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). The second syllable et——was a diminutive, suffixed long before the word came into English, as with pullet 'a young hen' or hatchet 'a small axe'. A diminutive of the Old French 'piece of pointed metal', it is a mistake to link it to the Old English 'badger'.

The sounds of the consonants b, r, k and t have been stable since the word emerged. Other than a slight variation in the sound of the first vowel, the sound and form of the word have not changed throughout its history in English. Only exceptionally has it been spelt with two ts.

1. Meaning

• brocket is a male noun and its earliest meaning in England—perhaps also in France—was 'a young male deer'. This was probably because of its single-spiked antlers, which can begin growing from 6 months old and last up to 24 months.
• 14th and 15th C English courtiers refined the meaning down to the male red deer in his first year after being a calf, when he left his mother—his adolescence.
• The rate of development of antlers varied depending on climate, richness of soil, etc. So by the end of the 'brocket year' his antlers could still have been single-spiked or have had several tines.
• Moreover a 'year' could stretch from Spring one year right through to Midsummer the next.
• Some hunting texts therefore defined the word brocket as a male in his 2nd year of life, i.e. a one-year old, others as a two-year old, i.e. in his 3rd year of life.
• Some lexicographers said that the 3rd year meaning was incorrect, e.g. the Oxford English Dictionary (OED).
• There was also an early plural female noun brochetes recorded in England in Anglo-Norman meaning 'prickles of a hedgehog', but this form probably did not pass into English.
• For other meanings see homonyms.

Compare:	pocket	IPA:
	brocket	IPA:
	brochette	IPA:		with stressed 2nd syllable and so a different final vowel.

i. Consonants

	as in	he broke it	is a	voiceless velar stop.
	as in	a diamond brooch	is a	voiceless palatal affricate.
	as in	brochure, brochette	is a	voiceless palatal fricative.

A sound shift of

to

or

is called palatalisation.

The IPA k sound of Latin cantare 'to sing' palatalised into English chant and French chanter. But k was a primary sound and often remained, as in English canticle and French cantique 'hymn'. and were secondary; they didn't evolve into k. Brochette could not have developed into brocket.

Compare:

• Modern English pocket and pouch; Middle English poket; Old French poke; Modern French poche.
• Modern English crocket and crotchet; but Modern English crochet borrowed from Modern French.
  

In Latin—and Old French until the late 12th C—the symbol used to write IPA k was not k but c. But because during the 13th C c assumed the value of IPA s before e and i—as in cent '100'—k was spelt either by adding h to the c to make a digraph ch, as in Christus or simply by k. So while pre-12th C Old French scribes might have spelt as brocet, 13th C ones spelt it:

1. brochet
2. broket.

The spelling brochet in Old French therefore did not indicate earlier palatalisation and never represented anything but .

This Old French ch digraph for k continued as an anachronism in England before i and e and 13th and 14th C scribes there spelt the word brochet or broket. Since there was no word brotchet with a a brochet spelling was unambiguous, but Middle English nevertheless settled on the spelling broket. If they needed to represent the fricative after a short vowel, Middle English scribes usually doubled the c or ch, as in cacche and cachche (Pyles & Algeo 1993 p 138). The widespread—and otiose—addition of c before the k was an Early Modern English convention, not standard before the 18th C.

ii. Vowels

• The o sound is a back vowel, the e is front.
• In Old French and Anglo-Norman the first vowel, at least in the feminine word brochetes, appears to have been short with the et syllable stressed: reflecting awareness of its original diminutive function (Brunner 1963 pp 26 §21.2).
• Passing into Middle English the first vowel took on the stress and became longer: as in the modern broke it (Middle English Dictionary 2001; Brunner 1963 pp 25-31).
• The first vowel then shortened during the Great Sound Shift to the modern (Pyles & Algeo 1993 p 171).
• The sound of the second vowel remained constant in English (Pyle and Algeo 1993 p 173). Sound shouldn't be estimated from British Latin, a judicial and administrative language, and enunciation of the word with endings like brokettus would not have reflected spoken language.
• The first vowel of the Scottish brookit or brockit has varied between , and .

 
            brocchi  L
 
                |
 
            broccha VL
 
                |
 
            broque OF                                          broc            bróc
 
     ___________|_______________                                OE              OE
     |        |        |       |
     |        |        |       |                                 |               |
                                                                 |               |
 brochetes brochet  brocart  broche                              |               |
                                                                 |               |
    OF       OF       OF      OF                                 |               |
                                                                 |               |
              |        |       |__________________           ____|____           |
              |        |       |        |        |           |       |           |
              |        |       |        |        |           |       |           |
 
           broket   brocard  broche  brochet  brochette    brock  brooked,  brook,broke
 
            ME,E     MF,F     ME      MF,F      MF,F       ME,E   brookit,  ME,E   ME
 
                               |                 |                brockit
 
                         broach,brooch        brochette              S
 
                             ME,E                E

The et element was an Old French diminutive suffix, added before the word came into Middle English.

• et chiefly occurs in Old French words adopted into Middle English, like pocket, crocket and brocket.
• ette is similar, but usually adopted into English from Modern French, like brochette a small skewer or broach, and cigarette a small cigar.
• Very occasionally, et or it is a variant of the ed of a past participle adjective, like the Scots druikit 'drenched' or brooked, broakit, brucket, bruikit, brockit 'spotted'.
• The suffix ard—as in French brocard—was not a diminutive. The form was a collateral development from broque, not directly in line with brocket.

i. The Latin stage of the form

Way back in the Dark Ages Latin speakers in Europe were using the word for something sharp and prominent. The first recorded form was as an adjective to describe projecting teeth: brocchi dentes (Plautus, d 184 BC, according to Robert 1993 vol 1 p 295a; OED under broach). Perhaps it was Celtic in origin, as it is not found in Classical Latin.

The next recorded form was a feminine noun written broccha 'piece of pointed metal'. This was in 'Vulgar Latin' when spoken Latin became ever more divided into local variants. This form carried on into Medieval Latin of the Middle Ages (Latham 1965 p 57).

ii. The Old French stage of the form

After the 5th C the Vulgar Latin spoken in Gaul evolved into numerous dialects. Gaul's northern dialects are usually grouped under the term 'Old French', divided into the likes of 'Norman', 'Picard' and the later 'Anglo-Norman' according to the way the language was spoken in these different areas.

The first recorded Old French form of was Norman-Picard, written broque or broche. It is well attested in Old French dictionaries (e.g. Tobler-Lomatzsch 1925 vol 1 p 1155-7; Rothwell et al 1992 p 76; Robert 1993 vol 1 p 295a—attested 1121; Hindley et al 2000 p 93) meaning 'skewer, tine, spine, brooch' etc, with other spellings broke, broce, broch.

From the Norman-Picard form came feminine and masculine diminutives:

• brochete 'small spike, skewer, needle for parting the hair' etc, attested in Old French dictionaries (e.g. Godefroy 1881-95 p 737, 1901 p 64, Complément p 381b; Tobler-Lomatzsch 1925 vol 1 p 1158; Hindley et al 2000 p 93). It may have survived in Modern French broquette 'tack', but not in brochette 'skewer'—a continental Norman development from broque via broche with suffix ette. Imbs (1975 vol 4 p 1001) said broquette, first attested 1565, was a 'forme normanno-picarde de brochette', although it is not cited in Robert (1993). It was recorded once in Anglo-Norman in the plural meaning 'prickles of a hedgehog' in a historical text from 1136-7 (Gaimar 1960 p 93 ll 2910-11): Cum est la pel del heriçun Espés de puinnantes brochetes 'just like the skin of a hedgehog thick with prickly spines'. Although clearly a development of the general diminutive meaning 'small spike', as a feminine noun with an e ending indicating a diminutive and stress on the 2nd syllable et——this form may have emerged in England because the masculine had taken on the specific meaning 'young male deer'. It did not survive into Middle English, unless perhaps as a fossil in the equally rare broketes (c 1440) 'candlesticks'.

iii. The English forms

The first recorded form is brokettus in British Latin from 1223 but it would have been in spoken usage before. It was first written in Middle English by 1307-27, although the earliest surviving record—spelt broket—is from a hunting text c 1410 (Kurath 1975-97 p 1195; Rothwell et al 1992 p 76, but their alledged variant breket was actually a scribal error). By the 19th C the spelling was brocket.

The Modern English broach and brooch, spelt broche in records from 14-18th C, ultimately also developed from Old French broque/broche. The main signification of broach is 'thin pointed object', e.g. bodkin, and is the same word as brooch, restricted by spelling to mean 'jewelled ornament with a hinged pin and catch'.

Two other subsidiary and rare meanings of the plural broches/brokes are recorded in Middle English:

1. tapers or candles: 'Troches and broches and stondartis bi-twene' (= torches and broaches and stands between, OED 1400-40). It had a diminutive variant.
2. the first stage of a young stag's antlers: 'They beare not their first head which we call Broches ... until they enter the second yere of their age' (a 1575 hunting text cited in OED). This was the same as the Middle French broches (Tilander 1932 p 37). In The Maistre of Game from c 1400, meaning 'spike'—despite being a translation from Middle French broches—it was spelt brokes, i.e. pronounced with the more ancient k.

Examples of the development of 2 rhymes, crocket 'hook, curl, curled ornament, crook' and pocket 'pouch-like compartment in clothing':

These words were not in Old English or other Germanic languages.

These are completely different Old English words, found in neither Old nor Modern French:

Old English	broc	bróc	croc	poc
Modern English	brock	brook, broke	crock	pock, plural: pox
IPA
Meaning	badger	stream	earthenware vessel	pustule

To derive brocket from broc is like deriving pocket from poc 'pustule'. That brocket ever meant 'small badger' is nowhere attested.

A rare Early Modern English diminutive of brook spelt brooket or broket——'streamlet' is recorded only from Leland in 1538 (but cited in later works like Lower 1860): 'A Broket or Pirle of Water renning out of an Hille nere the Toun' and 'A Broket cumming from an Hille therby' (Hearne's 1799 ed vol 3 pp 132-3; L T Smith's 1964 ed vol 1 pp 301-2). Elsewhere Leland spelt it brooket: 'at a litle brooket caullid Flokars Broke that ther cummith ynto Dee Ryver' (L T Smith's 1964 ed vol 3 p 91). Leland frequently spelt brook broke. OED cited it under brooket.

The young deer appears to have received its name by synechdoche—a device to describe the whole by a characteristic part. The characteristic of its post-calf stage—the way hunters identified it—was its small, single-spiked antlers so it was called after them. Anglo-Norman aristocrats and their retinue out on the hunt used their Old French word brochet 'small spike' to refer to the whole adolescent beast.

• poll in the sense of 'hornless animal' from poll meaning 'head'.
• Roundhead meaning 'Cromwell supporter' in the English Civil War from their short-cropped hair.
• the German words Spiess meaning a 'spike' and Spiesser meaning a 'young roe or red deer'.
• the Scottish word spiker meaning a 'two-year old red deer'. Spiker also means a mature male that should be culled because his antlers have not tined—they are still a single spike—and are therefore dangerous (de Nahlik 1987 p 42). The word is also used in New Zealand to refer to red deer (exported there from 1851): 'a young spiker' (Brander 1971 p 192, 99).
• the word knobber meaning a 'two-year old red deer', from the knobs that precede its antlers.
• Modern French brochet 'long thin freshwater fish' (Le Petit Robert, attested 1260) i.e. pike, which have a pointed snout.

A metaphor is a device to describe something by what it resembles. Medieval candlesticks usually had 2 branches or spikes, resembling a brocket—as perhaps suggested by an isolated record from 1400-40 of broket in the plural meaning 'candlesticks, torches or tapers': 'Preketes and broketes, and standertis by-twene' (OED under pricket; Kurath et al 1954- under broket 2). This was in a different manuscript to the 1400-40 occurrence of broches with this meaning. One of the meanings of pricket here is similarly synonymous with torch.

In addition to the overwhelmingly predominant meaning of 'young male deer' there have been 4 local or rare meanings of the word brocket. Apart from the main Scottish one, they are rare curiosities. The heteronym broket is from brook.

i. spotted, streaked, variegated

This meaning has been well attested in Scotland—although now only in certain parts—as the past participle of a Scottish verb brook meaning to 'become spotted [with soot or dirt], streaked [with tears or black and white]'. The Scottish National Dictionary (vol 2 p 277) gave an earliest date of 1578 (OED brocked or brooked only 1793 or 96). Dictionaries cite cognates Danish broget and Norwegian dialect brokutt. It is spelt variously, e.g. brooked, brookit, broakit, brucket, bruikit, brewket, brocked, brockit, brocket:

'sic a brookit bairn! What has she been blubberin about?' And from 1820 Angus: 'a limpin spaviet bruikit wicht' (Wright 1896 vol 1 p 414) = a spotted creature limping from spavin.

The predominant pronunciation was (i.e. with the first vowel as in 'moon') with a short variant . It is not therefore strictly a homonym of brocket meaning a deer, however the vowel has been pronounced as in and hence spelt like it too:

'My sister lost the brocket lam' she got fae Tammie Durrit' (1884) and from 1910 Peterhead referring to a century previous: 'Oats were then mostly what was termed brocked oats...' (Scottish National Dictionary 1941 vol 2 p 277)

The Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue (1937 vol 1 p 361) recorded this meaning spelt brokit, brokkit, brocked. It also recorded broket with the usual English two-year old stag meaning. However in Scotland the word was also used as an attributive with hides—perhaps it was not forbidden to hunt them there?

'For tua broket hidis to cover ane sadil' (1503) and from 1508 Dunkeld: 'Et per idem preceptum in lie brokathid Georgio Nesch vjs' (= And by the same precept [pay] 6s to GN in brocket hides').

A rare extension of the mixed-colour connotation was recorded from Ireland in the 1890s in a compound with ground: brocket-ground 'a mixture of clay and boggy land' (Wright 1896 vol 1 p 410; Scottish National Dictionary 1941 vol 2 p 277).

ii. clumsy

iii. sea-lark

iv. broken bracket

The French brocard and the English pricket are similar words to brocket in form and meaning. Knobber is the modern Scottish equivalent of brocket.

i. brocard

Brocard was a continental Norman development from Old French broque with suffix art, later ard. The OED gave brocard as the origin of brocket. This was a mistake and has been corrected in subsequent Oxford Dictionaries. Many other dictionaries still follow the OED, however; other works too like Reaney (1995). The OED also cited an obsolete English synonym brocard (from 1607 and 1611). Although these cognates also mean 'young red deer' they are collateral developments, not variants or precursors of brocket.

Brocard is found in contemporary French dictionaries as small as Cassell's and recorded from 1394 (Le Petit Robert 1993 p 264; Robert 1993 vol 1 p 295a) meaning: le chevreuil mâle 'the male roe deer'. Le Petit Robert added: d'un an environ 'about 1 year old', however it can be qualified to mean an older one: 'l'expression vieux brocard s'appliquant à un animal de plus de deux ans' (Robert 1993 vol 1 p 295a). In modern French usage it can likewise refer to older male roe deer—with subsequent antlers—but without necessarily having to be qualified (Le Grand Gibier 2000):

• [Le brocard] porte ses premiers bois, à quelques semaines près, de 12 à 23 mois.
• Mais un même brocard peut présenter une croissance des bois très variable d'une année à l'autre.
• Leur poids varie … de 300 à 600 grammes chez le brocard adulte en bonne santé.
• ... au stade adulte, on donne à ce type de brocard le nom …

The male roe and red deer of specifically 12-24 months in France are called daguet (from dague 'knob or spike', compare the English dag 'unbranched tine of a young stag' and knobber).

ii. pricket

The equivalent of French brocard in English is pricket, although referring in Modern English and British Latin to both fallow and red deer, and in Scotland to roe.

Pricket or staggie was the term the authority de Nahlik (1987) used for a red deer in his 2nd year, but he also used it for fallow deer before their 2nd year. It was used of the 2nd year fallow in the New Forest (Vesey-Fitzgerald 1946 p 191) and of the 2nd year red in Exmoor and the New Forest (Vesey-Fitzgerald 1946 p 182; Lloyd 1975 p 64).

Both Priketus dami/dame 'pricket of a fallow deer' and prickettus cerui 'pricket of a red deer' are found in the Nottingham Forest Eyre Rolls (e.g. dami in 1287, For. Proc., Tr. of Rec. no. 127; cerui in 1335, For. Proc., Tr. of Rec., No. 132, Roll 6d). The OED (under the first meaning of pricket) cited vnum Prikettum de Ceruo 'pricket of a red deer' from 1285.

There are a couple of records of pricket meaning 'torch, taper' comparable to a rare meaning of brocket, e.g. 'Candelis and oer priketis be set on candelstikkis' (OED under pricket from 1398).

iii. knobber

Collier's Encyclopedia (1997 vol 8 p 19) said a 2 year old male is called a knobber and a 3 year old a brocket. Buffon's Natural History from 1781 (OED under brock sb4) said, 'They take the name of knobbers till their horns lengthen into spears, and then they are called brocks or staggards'—brock here being a rare and obsolete contraction. The OED described a knobber, or knobbler, as 'a male deer in its second year; a brocket' with citations back to 1686, also from 1664 as 'the bud or rudiment of the antler' itself.